In my previous post I concluded that there is no intent of education per se, but individual intent of actors in an education system. In this post I will talk about the learners in the education system and try to explore their intent.
The learner is a rather broad category, as basically every single person is included. I know, this sounds like big talk. So let’s verify the statement by a simple mind experiment. Imagine you are trying to avoid learning for a day. How much effort it would be, if possible at all? The brain is basically not able to avoid learning. If you watch someone successfully getting money out of a vending machine by kicking it in a certain spot, you may choose not to utilize the knowledge you acquired but you can’t avoid knowing that it works. What do we learn from this? We are all unintentional learners by design. When you think about it, this might actually be the reason why (despite unmotivated students) current education systems have reasonable success.
A century ago, William James concluded that people are exclusively driven by their instincts. On this basis, any kind of learning would be unintentional. Since then generations of scientists proved him wrong, showing that humans are capable of influencing their own level of motivation. Today the most prominent theory advocates that apart from instincts, behavior is also driven by desires. For example, Prof. Steven Reiss and his research team recently published 16 distinct desires - power, independence, curiosity, acceptance, order, saving, honor, idealism, social contact, family, status, vengeance, romance, eating, physical exercise, and tranquility - that intrinsically motivate our actions. Of course there are many competing sets of desires, but no matter which one you favor they all have the following in common:
- They postulate that the intent of learning is to fulfill a given set of desires.
- They agree that every learner has a unique prioritization of desires.
Since it is impractical to reason about each individual separately, segmentation is a widely accepted method to create population clusters from which to draw general conclusions. In the following I will discuss some segmentation of learners which I feel appropriate for structuring the discussion. Please be aware that the proposed groups are neither unique nor objective.
A popular classification is age (i.e. demographic profiling). As I see it, the intent of learning changes in four different stages of an individual: infant, student, professional and retired. My opinion is that infant learning is mainly driven by curiosity and directed towards acquiring skills or understanding the world. Students, experiencing fixed curricula and classroom-teaching, probably learn more for social reasons, as they are constantly measured and evaluated by teachers, parents and peers. For professionals learning (actually certification) is often perceived a necessary evil in order to reach or maintain a certain job status. Relieved of the burden to secure income and status, retirees learning activities are oscillating back towards curiosity. This time however the focus is on existential self-related questions like ‘Who am I?’
Another useful way of segmenting is to distinguish between the sources of motivation (i.e. extrinsically vs. intrinsically motivated learners). Extrinsic learning is triggered by an external source while intrinsic learning relies on getting satisfied by the activity itself. For the proposed age grouping above, I put forth that extrinsic learning is dominant in student and professional life, even though research strongly suggests that intrinsic learning leads to better performance. As I understand it, extrinsic learning implies a sponsor that rewards the achievement, which suggests a demand for a certain skill at the sponsor’s side. An education system based on extrinsic motivation therefore might be a sign that the society does not believe certain important skills could be developed intrinsically by enough people.
The third approach to segmenting of clustering I found distinguished between the goals of learning. The linked article proposes two categories of learners, those aspiring to acquire a skill and those driven by other objectives like having fun, making money or killing time. In my own words I would call them directed vs. undirected learners.
Finally, I wondered whether it would be possible for me to find an example for the subgroups that are created when combining the goal of the learner with the goal of the learning. An example for an intrinsically motivated directed learner could be a hobby chess-player learning openings to perform better. An intrinsically undirected learner in contrast would be a hobby chess-player learning openings to impress. An extrinsically directed learning chess-player could probably learn openings to maintain a rating as demanded by a sponsor, while extrinsically undirected learning chess-players are learning openings because their parents want them to become more patient.
I hope the chess-player does not only show that each subgroup is populated but also that the membership is situational and could change over time. To add complexity, I would even argue a learner could be in multiple or even all subcategories at the same time. My personal lesson is that even though an education system should encourage intrinsically directed learning it should probably address the needs of all other learner groups as well, which might only be possible when treating learners as individuals.
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